From preclinical research to human hypotheses

Preclinical research can explore mechanisms and generate new hypotheses. However, it cannot independently demonstrate that a substance is safe or effective in humans.

Different levels of evidence

A chemical assay, cell study, animal study, and controlled human study answer different questions. Evidence from a lower level can provide direction, but it does not replace appropriate follow-up research.

Species and model differences

Metabolism, receptor distribution, dosing scale, and disease or stress models differ between species. Even within the same species, age, sex, and laboratory conditions can change the outcome.

Reading endpoints critically

A statistical difference in a biomarker is not automatically biologically or clinically relevant. Consider effect size, uncertainty, replication, and alignment with the research question established in advance.

Publication bias

Positive results are published more often than negative findings. Therefore, look for replications, methodological details, and conflicting results before formulating a hypothesis more strongly.

Summary

Good research information begins with a clear question, correct product identification, and transparent documentation. Results must always be assessed within the limitations of the model used and the analytical method chosen.

Important: For scientific and laboratory research only. Not for human or animal consumption, self-administration, diagnostic, or therapeutic use. 18+.